Temperatura i toplota – problemi i rješenja

Temperatura i toplota – problemi i rješenja

1. On a thermometer X, the freezing point of water at -30^o and the boiling point of water at 90^o. 60^OX = ….. ^oC.

Poznato:

The freezing point of water = -30^o

The boiling point of water = 90^o

Traži se: 60^oX = ….. ^oC

Rešenje:

On the Fahrenheit scale, the freezing point of water is 32^oF and the boiling point of water is 212^oF. Between the freezing point and the boiling point, 212^o - 32^o = 180^o.

On the Celsius scale, the freezing point of water is 0^oC and the boiling point of water is 100^oC. Between the freezing point and the boiling point, 100^o - 0^o = 100^o.

On the X scale, the freezing point of water is -30^oX and the boiling point of water is 90^oX. Between the freezing point and the boiling point, 90^o – (-30^o) = 90^o + 30^o = 120^o.

Change the X scale to the Celsius scale :

Toplinsko širenje

2. A metal rod heated from 30^oVeliki C 80^oC. The final length of the rod is 115 cm. Koeficijent od linearno širenje is 3.10^{-3 o}C^-1. What is the initial length of the metal rod?

Poznato:

Početna temperatura (T₁) = 30^oC

Konačna temperatura (T₂) = 80^oC

Promjena temperature (ΔT) = 80^oC - 30^oC = 50^oC

Koeficijent linearnog širenja (α) = 3.10^{-3 o}C^-1

The final length of the metal (L) = 115 cm

Traži se: The initial length of the metal rod (L_o)

Rešenje:

The equation of the linear expansion :

L = L_o + ΔL

L = L_o + α L_o ΔT

L = L_o (1 + α ΔT)

115 = L_o (1 + 3.10^-3.50)

115 = L_o (1 + 150.10^-3)

115 = L_o (1 + 0.15)

115 = L_o (1.15)

L_o = 115/1.15

L_o = 100 cm

3. The initial length of a brass rod is 40 cm. After heated, the final length of the brass is 40.04 cm and the final temperature is 80^oC. If the coefficient of linear expansion of the brass is 2.0 x 10^{-5 o}C^-1, what is the initial temperature of the brass rod.

Poznato:

Konačna temperatura (T₂) = 80^oC

Početna dužina (L_o) = 40 cm

The final length (L) = 40.04 cm

The increase in length (ΔL) = 40.04 cm – 40 cm = 0.04 cm

Koeficijent linearnog širenja (α) = 2.0 x 10^{-5 o}C^-1

Rešenje: Početna temperatura (T₁)

Rješenje;

The equation of the linear expansion :

L = L_o + α L_o ΔT

L – L_o = α L_o ΔT

ΔL = α L_o ΔT

ΔL = α L_o (T₂ - T₁)

0.04 = (2.0 x 10^-5)(40)(80 – T₁)

0..04 = (80 x 10^-5)(80 – T₁)

0.04 = 0.0008 (80 – T₁)

0.04 = 0.064 – 0.0008 T₁

0..0008 T₁ = 0.064 - 0.040

0.0008 T₁ = 0.024

T₁ = 30^oC

Heat transfer conduction

4. Two metal rods with the same size but different type, as shown in figure below. The thermal conductivity of metal I = 4 times the thermal conductivity of metal II. What is the temperature between both metals.

Poznato:

The size of both rods is the same.

The thermal conductivity of metal I = 4k

The thermal conductivity of metal II = k

The temperature of the one end of metal I = 50⁰ C

The temperature of the one end of metal II = 0⁰ C

Wanted: The temperature between both the metal rods

Rešenje:

Jednačina provođenja toplote:

Q/t = the rate of heat conduction, k = toplotna provodljivost, A = površina poprečnog presjeka, T₁-T₂ = promjena temperature, l = the length of the rod.

The temperature between both rods :

The temperature at the center between both the metals rods is 40^oC.

5.

(1) Conductivity of metal

(2) The difference of temperature

(3) The length of metal

(4) Mass of metal

Factors that determine the rate of heat conduction on metals are…..

Rešenje:

Based on the equation of heat conduction, factors that determine the rate of heat conduction on metals are conductivity of metal (k), the difference of temperature (T) and the length of metal (l).

6. Two rods of the same size but different type, as shown in the figure below. The thermal conductivity of rod P is 2 times the thermal conductivity of rod Q. What is the temperature between both rods.

Poznato:

Both rods have the same size.

Thermal conductivity of rod P (k_P) = 2k

The thermal conductivity of rod Q (k_Q) = k

Wanted: The temperature between both rods

Rešenje:

Jednačina provođenja toplote:

Q/t = the rate of heat conduction, k = toplotna provodljivost, A = površina poprečnog presjeka, T₁-T₂ = promjena temperature, l = the length of the rod.

The temperature at the center between both rods :

Crni princip

8. 100-gram oil at 20^oC and 50-gram iron at 75 ^oC are placed in 200-gram iron container. The increase in temperature of the container is 5^oC and the specific heat of oil is 0.43 cal/g ^oC. What is the specific heat of the iron?

Poznato:

Mass of iron container (m) = 200 gr

The initial temperature of the iron container (T₁) = the temperature of oil = 20^oC

The final temperature of the iron container (T₂) = 20^oC+5^oC = 25^oC

Mass of oil (m) = 100 gram

The specific heat of oil (c_ulje) = 0.43 cal/g ^oC

The initial temperature of oil (T₁) = 20^oC

The final temperature of oil (T₂) = 20^oC+5^oC = 25^oC

Mass of iron (m) = 50 gram

The initial temperature of oil (T₁) = 75^oC

The final temperature of oil (T₂) = 25^oC

Traži se: The specific heat of iron (c iron)

Rešenje:

Heat released by iron :

Q = m c ΔT = (50)(c)(75-25) = (50)(c)(50) = 2500c calorie

Heat absorbed by the iron container :

Q = m c ΔT = (200)(c)(25-20) = (200)(c)(5) = 1000c calorie

Heat absorbed by oil :

Q = m c ΔT = (100)(0.43)(25-20) = (43)(5) = 215 calorie

Black principle states that in a isolated system, heat released by the hotter object, absorbed by the cooler object.

Oslobađanje Q = Apsorpcija Q

2500c = 1000c + 215

2500c – 1000c = 215

1500c = 215

c = 215/1500

c = 0.143 cal/g ^oC

9. A 200-gram water at 20°C placed in 50-gram ice at -2°C. If the change of heat just between water and ice, what is the final temperature of the mixture? The specific heat of water is 1 cal/gr°C, the specific heat of ice is 0.5 cal/gr°C, the heat of fusion for ice is 80 cal/gr.

Poznato:

Masa vode (m_voda) = 200 grama

Temperatura vode (T_voda) = 20^oC

Specifična toplota vode (c_voda) = 1 cal/gr°C

Mass of ice (m_led) = 50 grama

Temperatura leda (T_led) = -2^oC

The specific heat of ice (c_led) = 0.5 cal/gr°C

The heat of fusion for ice (L) = 80 cal/gr

Rešenje:

Heat to increases ice from -2^oC do 0^oC:

Q = mc ΔT

Q = (50 gram)(0.5 cal/gr°C)(0^oC – (-2^oC))

Q = (50)(0.5 cal)(2)

Q = 50 calorie

Heat for melting all ice :

Q = m L = (50 gram)(80 cal/gram) = 4000 calorie

Heat for decrease temperature of all water from 20^oC do 0^oC:

Q = mc ΔT

Q = (200 gram)(1 cal/gr°C)(0^oC – (20^oC))

Q = (200)(1 cal)(-20)

Q = -4000 calorie

Plus sign indicates that the heat is added, the minus sign indicates that heat released.

50-calorie of heat needed to increase the temperature of ice to 0^oC and 4000-calorie needed to melting all ice. Total heat = 4050 calorie. The heat released by water is 4000 calorie.

Some of the ice not melting, so the final temperature of ice and water is 0^oC.

10. A 200-gram aluminum at 20^oC stavljen u vodu od 100 grama na 80^oC in a container. The specific heat of aluminum is 0.22 cal/g ^oC and the specific heat of water is 1 cal/g ^oC. What is the final temperature of aluminum?

Poznato:

Mass of aluminum = 200 gram

Temperature of aluminum = 20^oC

Mass of water = 100 gram

Temperature of water = 80^oC

The specific heat of aluminum = 0.22 cal/g ^oC

The specific heat of water = 1 cal/g ^oC

Wanted: The final temperature of aluminum

Rešenje:

Aluminum and water in thermal equilibrium so that the final temperature of aluminum = the final temperature of water.

Heat released by hot water (Q release) = heat absorbed by aluminum (Q absorb)

m_voda c (ΔT) = m_aluminijum c (ΔT)

(100)(1)(80 – T) = (200)(0.22)(T – 20)

(100)(80 – T) = (44)(T – 20)

8000 – 100T = 44T – 880

8000 + 880 = 44T + 100T

8880 = 144T

T = 62^oC

11. A 50-gram metal at 85 °C placed in 50 gram water at 29.8 °C. The specific heat of water = 1 cal.g ^—1 .°C^—1. The final temperature is 37 °C. What is the specific heat of metal.

Poznato:

Masa metala (m_metal) = 50 grama

Temperature of metal = 85^oC

Masa vode (m_voda) = 50 grama

Temperature of water = 29,8^oC

Specifična toplota vode (c_voda) = 1 kal.g ^-1 .°C^-1

The final temperature of water = 37^oC

Traži se: The specific heat of metal (c metal)

Rešenje:

Heat released by hot metal (Q release) = heat absorbed by water (Q absorb)

m_metal c (ΔT) = m_voda c (ΔT)

(50)(c)(85 – 37) = (50)(1)(37 – 29.8)

(c)(85 – 37) = (1)(37 – 29.8)

48 c = 7.2

c = 0.15 cal.g ^-1 .°C^-1

12. A block of ice with mass of 50-gram at 0°C and 200-gram water at 30°C, placed in a container. . If the specific heat of water is 1 cal.g^{- 1} ° C ^-1 and the heat of fusion for ice is 80 cal.g ^-1. What is the final temperature of the mixture.

Poznato:

Mass of ice (m_led) = 50 grama

The temperature of ice = 0°C

Masa vode (m_voda) = 200 grama

Temperature of water = 30^oC

Specifična toplota vode (c_voda) = 1 kal.g^{- 1} ° C ^-1

The heat of fusion for ice (L_led) = 80 kal.g ^-1

Wanted: Konačna temperatura

Rešenje:

Estimate the final condition :

Heat released by water to decrease its temperature from 30^oC do 0^oC:

Q_puštanje = m_voda c_voda (ΔT) = (200)(1)(30-0) = (200)(30) = 6000

Heat needed to melting all ice :

Q = m_led L_led= (50)(80) = 4000

Heat used to melting all ice is 4000, while heat released by water is 6000. Can be concluded that the final temperature of the mixture above 0^oC.

Black principle :

Heat released by water = heat for melting all ice + heat to increase the temperature of ice.

(m_voda)(c_voda)(ΔT) = (m_led)(L_led) + (m_led)(c_voda)(ΔT)

(200)(1)(30-T) = (50)(80) + (50)(1)(T-0)

(200)(30-T) = (50)(80) + (50)(T-0)

6000 – 200T = 4000 + 50T – 0

6000 – 4000 = 50T + 200T

2000 = 250T

T = 2000/250

T = 8^oC